#istudytogo ImportName,InvadersRealm APUSH Chapter 20 3 #note:APUSH_Ch20_A,APUSH/Chapter 20,A.P. U.S. History Notes Chapter 18: “Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy” ~ 1841 – 1848 ~ “Old Buck” versus “The Pathfinder” In 1856, the Democrats had chosen James Buchanan, someone untainted by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and a person with lots of political experience, to be their nomination for presidency against Republican John C. Fremont, a fighter in the Mexican-American War. Another party, the American Party, also called the “Know-Nothing Party” because of its secrecy, was organized by “nativists,” old-stock Protestants, who nominated Millard Fillmore. These people were anti-Catholic and anti-foreign and also included old Whigs. The campaign was full of mudslinging, which allegations of scandal and conspiracy. Fremont was hurt by the rumor that he was a Roman-Catholic. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 Buchanan won because there were doubts about Fremont’s honesty, capacity, and sound judgment. Perhaps it was better that Buchanan won, since Fremont was not as strong as Lincoln, and in 1856, many people were still apathetic about slavery, and the South could have seceded more easily. The Dred Scot Bombshell On March 6, 1857, the Dred Scot decision was handed down by the Supreme Court. Dred Scot had been a slave whose master had taken him north into free territory, where he had lived for many years. After his master’s death, he sued for his freedom from his new master, claiming that he had been in free territory. The Missouri Supreme Court agreed, freeing him, but his new master appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which overruled the decision. Chief Justice Taney said that no slave could be a citizen of the U.S. in his justification The case inflamed millions of abolitionists against slavery and even though who didn’t care against it. In effect, he ruled that the Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional: Congress had no right to ban slavery from the territories. Northerners complained; Southerners were inflamed by northern defiance, and more tension built. The Financial Crash of 1857 Psychologically, the Panic of 1857 was the worst of the 19th century, though it really wasn’t as bad as the Panic of 1837. The panic was caused by inflation and overgrowth of grain and nowhere to export it. The North was especially hard hit, but the South rode it out with flying colors, seemingly proving that cotton was king and raising their egos. Also, in 1860, Congress passed a homestead act that would provide 160 acres of land at a cheap price for those who were less fortunate, but it was vetoed by Buchanan. This plan, though, was opposed by the northeast, which had long been unfriendly to extension of land and had feared that it would drain its population even more, and the south, which knew that it would provide an easy way for more free soilers to fill the territories. The panic also brought calls for a higher tariff rate, which had been lowered to about 20% only months before. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges In 1858, Senator Stephen Douglas’ term was about to expire, and against him was Republican Abraham Lincoln, an ugly fellow who had risen up the political ladder slowly but was a good lawyer and a pretty decent debater. #note:APUSH_Ch20_B,APUSH/Chapter 20,A.P. U.S. History Notes Chapter 18: “Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy” ~ 1841 – 1848 ~ The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Lincoln rashly challenged Douglas, the nation’s most devastating debater, to a series of seven debates, which the senator accepted, and despite expectations of failure, Lincoln held his own. The most famous debate came at Freeport, Illinois, where Lincoln brought this scenario: if the people had a territory voted slavery down, would they be right, despite the Supreme Court saying that they could not do so? Douglas replied with his “Freeport Doctrine,” which said that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down; the people had the power. Douglas won, but more people voted for Abe, so he won the moral victory. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr? John Brown now had a plan to invade the South, seize its arms, call up on the slaves to rise up and revolt, and take over the South and free it of slaves, but in his raid of Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, the slaves didn’t revolt, and he was captured and convicted of treason and sentenced to death. Brown, though insane, was not stupid, and he portrayed himself as a martyr against slavery, and when he was hung, he instantly became a martyr for abolitionists; northerners rallied around his memory. The South was happy, but abolitionists were infuriated by his execution (they conveniently forgot about his violent past) The Disruption of the Democrats After failing to nominate a candidate in Charleston, South Carolina, the Democrats split into North and South, and at Baltimore, the Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas for president while the Southern Democrats chose John C. Breckinridge. Meanwhile, the “Know-Nothings” chose John Bell of Tennessee. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union The Republicans, sensing victory against their split opponents, nominating Abraham Lincoln, not William Seward. Their platform had an appeal to every important non-southern group: for free soilers it proposed non-extension of slavery; for northern manufacturers, a protective tariff; for the immigrants, no abridgement of rights; for the West, internal improvements at federal expense; and for the farmers, free homesteads. Southerners threatened that Lincolns election would result in Southern secession. Lincoln wasn’t an outright abolitionist, since as late as February 1865, he had still favored cash compensation for free slaves. Abe Lincoln won despite not even being on the ballot in the South. The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 Lincoln won with only 40% of the popular vote, and had the Democratic Party been more organized and energetic, they might have won. The Republicans did not control the House or the Senate, and the South still had a five to four majority in the Supreme Court, but the South still decided to secede. The Secessionist Exodus South Carolina had threatened to secede if Lincoln was elected president, and now it went good on its word, seceding in December of 1860. Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed in the next six weeks. The seven seceders met in Montgomery, Alabama in February of 1861 and created the Confederate States of America, and they chose Jefferson Davis as president. President Buchanan did nothing to force the confederacy back into the Union, partly because the Union troops were needed in the West and because the North was still apathetic toward secession; they felt that it was better that the South had seceded. #note:APUSH_Ch20_C,APUSH/Chapter 20,A.P. U.S. History Notes Chapter 18: “Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy” ~ 1841 – 1848 ~ The Collapse of Compromise In an attempt at compromise (again), James Henry Crittenden of Kentucky proposed the Crittenden amendments, which would ban slavery north of the 36°30’ line and would leave the issue in territories south of the line up to the people; also, existing slavery south of the line would be protected. Lincoln opposed the compromise, which might have worked, because his party had preached against the extension of slavery, and he had to stick to principle. It also seems that Buchanan couldn’t have saved the Union no matter what he could have done. Farewell to Union The seceding states did so because they feared that their rights as a slaveholding minority were being threatened, and were alarmed at the growing power of the Republicans, plus, they believed that they would be unopposed despite what the Northerners claimed. The South also hoped to develop its own banking and shipping, and to prosper. Besides, in 1776, the 13 colonies had seceded from Britain and had won; now the South could do the same thing.